ALL (Acute Lymphoma Leukemia)

Lymphocytes is form of leucocyte cell which produced in bone marow and tymus gland. Lymphocyte which produced in bone marrow is called B-Lymphocyte and T-Lymphocyte wich produced in tymus gland. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia there is an overproduction of immature lymphocytes. Called lymphoblats (sometimes referred to as blast cells)

Pathophysiology

ALL malignant sells are lymphoid cells that arrested in early stage of development. This arrest is caused by an abnormal expression of genes, often as a result of chromosomal translocations. The lymphoblasts replace the normal marrow elements, resulting in marked decrease in the production of normal blood cells (pansitopenia). Consequently, anemia caused erytrocyt decreased, bleeding caused trombocytopenia, and netropenia. The lymphoblasts also proliferate in organs other than the marrow, particularly the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Diagnosis

Find out ALL types by taken from the blood and bone marrow to learn:

1. The size and number of Lekemia cells
2. the type of lymphocyte, B cells or T celss
3. the chromosomes of the leukemia cells which called cytogenetics

also use lumbal puncture to find out whether there are leukemia cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Based of these tests, ALL can categorized:

1. early pre-B ALL
2. common ALL
3. Pre-B-cell
4. Mature B-cell ALL (Burkit Leukemia)
5. Pre-T-cell ALL
6. Mature T-cell ALL

Signs and symptoms ALL

There are sign and symptoms ALL which same with another type Leukemia.

1. aches in arms, leg, back
2. Black and blue marks for no apparent reason
3. enlarged lymph nodes
4. headaches
5. pale-looking skin
6. prolong bleeding
7. vomiting
8. dyspneu

in child with an infection caused low mature leukocyte number may also have:

1. coughing
   
2. sore throat
3. pain when urinating
4. frequent loose bowel movements

Therapy

1. transfusions of packed red cell to increase erythrocyte
2. platelets transfusions
   
3. antibiotic
4. Neulasta or Neupogen and Leukine are drugs that increase the number of white cells

Epidemiology

ALL most common in children (under 15 years old) and slightly more common in males than females

refferences

www.cancerbackup.org.uk

emedicine.medscape.com

www.marrow.org

www.leukemia-lymphoma.org